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FRAMIRé (Terminalia ivorensis)

Trade Name

Framiré

Scientific Name

Terminalia ivorensis A.Chev.

Family

COMBRETACEAE

Common Names

Baji (Sierra Leone); Framiré (Côte d`Ivoire); Lidia (Cameroon); Yellow terminalia; Yellow pine; Ubiri; Tuhidya; Tuhidia; Tewogboye; Shingle wood; Satin-wood; Ronko; Owewe; Oweive; Ouhidji; Onidjo; Onhidgo; Okpoha; Nkondi; Nkombe; N`dagobrohia; Mboti; Lidia; Lauri; Kokango; Kekange; Ka ronko; Indigbo; Ijaws; Gbasi; Framine; Frameri; Fira-wase; Fela; Fataromile; Farayomile; Farayemile; F`araeneri; Epepe; Emri; Emine; Emil; Emen; Egoyne-nebi; Egoyne-lukan; Egoyne nebi; Egoyne lukan; Egoyn-odan; Egoyn odan; Eghoinmebbi; Eghoin-nebi; Efremeli; Ebi; Dzogbedodo; Cauri; Buna; Buma; Brimstone-wood; Bragba; Bouri; Boti; Bona; Blie; Black-barked terminalia; Black bark; Be-ie; Baye; Bassi; Basio; Banidi; Bajii; Bai-ti; Bai; Bahi; Bagyi; Awunshin; Amire; African yellow wood; African greenheart; Afia; Afara-dudu; Afara dudu; Afara duclu; Ada boumbra; Black Afara (Nigeria); Idigbo (United Kingdom); Lidia Lidia (Cameroon); Idigbo (Nigeria); Emeri (Ghana); Framire (Côte d`Ivoire); Baji (Liberia)

Description Of The Tree

Botanical Description

The tree reaches a height of 50 m. The bole is straight and clear to 23 m in length, buttressed and frequently fluted. The trunk diameter attains 100 to 170 cm.

Natural Habitat

Terminalia ivorensis is found scattered, it is abundant in primary, secondary and transitional forests.

Natural Distribution

West tropical Africa from Guinea to Cameroon.

Plantations Available?

It is a medium rotation species for plantation. The duration of the rotation is 30 years, to reach 40 to 45 cm diameter, or 40 years, to reach 45 to 50 cm in diameter.

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Wood Identification

Anatomic Description Of Wood

Wood diffuse porous. Occasionally vessels exclusively solitary (over 90%). Tangential diameter of vessel lumina 200 micras or more (large). Tyloses thin walled. Vestured pits. Vessels per mm2 6 to 10 (medium). Simple perforation plates. Vessel-ray pits similar t Paratracheal axial parenchyma scanty and/or vasicentric. Non-crystals in axial parenchyma cells. 3 to 4 cells per parenchyma strand. 4 to 10 rays per mm (medium). Rays non-storied. Rays commonly 2 seriate. Homogeneous rays and/or sub-homogeneous rays (all ray cells procumbent). Body ray cells procumbent with one row of upright and/or square marginal cells (Kribs-III). Non-septate fibers. Fibers with simple to minutely bordered pits.

  • Wood Macro Photo Tangential Plane
  • Wood Micro Photo Of Transversal Section

Availability

Cites Status

Unrestricted

General Wood Description

Color

The heartwood is yellowish white to pale yellowish-brown, often greenish, it is not clearly demarcated. The silver figure is fine (barely visible).

COLOR INDEX (1=Black, 7=Light yellow,white)

6

Grain

Straight or slightly interlocked, sometimes with an influence on further processing operations.

Texture

Medium texture is reported in this species.

Luster

Timber of this species is low in luster.

Natural Durability

Moderately durable to decay. Without preservative treatment, this species can be used only under risk of occasional re-humidification. It is not suited for uses with risks of permanent or long-lasting humidification. Sensible to termites attack. The heart

Natural durability index (1= Very high durability, 7=Vey low durability)

3

Internal Growth Stresses

Growth stresses are reported in this species.

Silica Content

Silica Content: This timber is reported to have a negligible silica content. Silica contents over 0.05% may affect wood processing. Silica Value: 0

Resistance To Impregnation

Nearly impossible to treat with a too much low penetration of the preservative substances.

Wood Physical Properties

Basic Density or Specific Gravity (O.D. weight/vol. green) (g/cm³)

0.46

Air-dry Density (Weight and volume at 12%MC) (g/cm³)

0.50

Total shrinkage Tangential (Saturated to 0%MC) (%)

5.2

Total shrinkage Radial (Saturated to 0%MC) (%)

3.6

Drying Defects

Ease of Drying: Drying is moderately easy; some particular care is needed.

Recommended Dry Kiln Schedule

FR-4

Dimensional stability ratio (Total Tangential Shrinkage %/Total Radial Shrinkage %)

1.5

Wood Chemical Properties

Wood Mechanical Properties

Bending Strength (MOR),12%MC (kgf/cm²)

728

Stiffness (MOE) 12%MC (kgf/cm²)

115674

Compression parallel to fiber 12%MC (kgf/cm²)

445

Compression perpendicular to fiber 12%MC (kgf/cm²)

53

Shear strength radial 12%MC (kgf/cm²)

58

Janka hardness (side) 12%MC (kgf)

301

Janka hardness (end grain) 12%MC (kgf)

402

Workability

Sawing

It is easy to saw.

Rotary Veneer Cutting

Suitable for slicing, also suitable for peeling if treated.

Sliced Veneer

Suitable for slicing, also suitable for peeling if treated.

Blunting Effect

Slight blunting effect; ordinary tools can be used for sawing and machining.

Machining

Machining of this species is reportedly easy.

Planing

Easy; no particular problems.

Moulding

Moderately easy; tools must be cautiously sharpened.

Turning

30

Boring

Moderately easy; tools must be cautiously sharpened.

Mortising

Moderately easy; tools must be cautiously sharpened.

Nailing

No particular problem.

Gluing

Glues well if basic gluing technical rules are followed.

Sanding

Easy to perform; it gives good results.

Polishing

Can be polished without surface preparation.

Steam Bending

This species can be used for steam bending.

Response To Hand Tools

No particular problems.

REFERENCED USES

End Uses Summary

HOUSING GENERAL, beams, joists, boards, flooring, parquet, frames, steps, panelling, fittings, FURNITURE AND CABINETS, common furniture, PLYWOOD AND VENEER, faces, Decorative veneer, TURNING, ornaments, turned furniture, cutlery, lasts, OTHER AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, handicrafts, moldings

General Housing
  • 10 - Silica in Timbers
Beams
  • 11 - Prospect: The wood database
Joists
  • 12 - Tropical timbers of the world. Part I-Tropical American Species
Boards
  • 13 - Dry kiln schedules for commercial woods. Temperate and tropical. Section III. Latin American (Mexico, Central, and South America) Woods–Conventional Temperatures
Flooring
  • 14 - Handbook of Hardwoods
Parquet
  • 15 - Empire Timbers
Frames
  • 16 - Woods of the World
Steps
  • 17 - Tree Conservation Database
Paneling
  • 18 - W3TROPICOS Missouri Botanical Garden
Fittings
  • 19 - Silica in Timbers
Furniture Cabinets
  • 21 - Tropical timbers of the world. Part III-Southeast Asian and Oceanian Species.
Furniture, Common
  • 23 - Handbook of Hardwoods
Panels, Veneers
  • 25 - Directory of Timber Trade Malaysia
Faces
  • 26 - Annual Review and Assessment of the World Timber Situation 1998-ITTO
Decorative veneer
  • 28 - Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries & Forest of Fiji
Turning
  • 30 - Embassy of Honduras in Japan
Ornaments
  • 31 - Embassy of Colombia in Japan
Turned Articles
  • 32 - Embassy of Cote d`Ivoire in Japan
Knife Handles
  • 33 - Embassy of Gabon in Japan
Lasts
  • 34 - Embassy of Indonesia in Japan
Handcraft
  • 66 - Maderas latinoamericanas. VII. Caracteristicas anatomicas. propiedades fisicomecanicas, de secado, y tratabilidad de la madera juvenil de Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav. Oken.)
Molding
  • 79 - Padronização da Nomenclatura Comercial Brasileira das Madeiras Tropicais Amazônicas, Sugestão

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