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OLENE (Irvingia grandifolia)

Trade Name

Olene

Scientific Name

Irvingia grandifolia Engl.

Family

IRVINGIACEAE

Common Names

Apepere (Nigeria); Akhuekhue (Nigeria); Olène (Gabon); Liar (Congo); Sombo (Central African Republic); Solia (Cameroon); Géndo (Cameroon); Bwibanjoe (Cameroon); Andongwe (Cameroon); Zembila; Olene; Ogbo-ako; Oenda; Molinda; Arhuekhue; Apepere; Andongwe; Alendongwe; Akpulu

Scientific Name Synonyms

Klainedoxa grandifolia Engl.; Irvingella grandifolia (Engl.) H. Hallier

Description Of The Tree

Botanical Description

The tree reaches a height of 26 to 40 m. The bole may be up to 30 m in length, is straight, clear and cylindrical, sometimes buttressed. The trunk diameter can be up to 150 cm.

Natural Habitat

Irvingia grandifolia occurs in dense rain forest, preferring proximity to creeks, but sometimes found in semi-dry forest at altitudes of 600 to 900 m.

Wood Identification

Anatomic Description Of Wood

Wood diffuse porous. Occasionally vessels exclusively solitary (over 90%). Tangential diameter of vessel lumina 200 micras or more (large). Tyloses thin walled. Non-vestured pits. Vessels per mm2 less than 6 (rare). Simple perforation plates. Vessel-ray pits coa Axial parenchyma in discontinuous tangential lines. Prismatic crystals in short chains in chambered axial parenchyma cells. Over 9 cells per parenchyma strand. Axial parenchyma bands more than 3 cells wide. 4 to 10 rays per mm (medium). Rays non-storied. Rays 1 to 4 seriate. Body ray cells procumbent with one row of upright and/or square marginal cells (Kribs-III). Non-septate fibers. Fibers with simple to minutely bordered pits.

  • Wood Macro Photo Tangential Plane
  • Wood Micro Photo Of Transversal Section

Availability

Cites Status

Unrestricted

General Wood Description

Color

The sapwood is yellow-brown. The heartwood is varying shades of brown with a grey luster, it is clearly demarcated.

COLOR INDEX (1=Black, 7=Light yellow,white)

4

Grain

Straight or slightly interlocked; grain has no particular influence on drying, machining and finishing qualities.

Texture

This species is reported to have a fine to medium texture.

Luster

The wood surface is moderate in luster.

Natural Durability

Moderately durable to decay. Without preservative treatment, this species can be used when risks of occasional re-humidification, but it is not suited for uses with risks of permanent or long-lasting humidification.

Natural durability index (1= Very high durability, 7=Vey low durability)

3

Resistance To Impregnation

Nearly impossible to treat with a too much low penetration of the preservative substances.

Wood Physical Properties

Basic Density or Specific Gravity (O.D. weight/vol. green) (g/cm³)

0.80

Air-dry Density (Weight and volume at 12%MC) (g/cm³)

0.92

Drying Defects

Ease of Drying: Drying is moderately easy; some particular care is needed. Drying Defects: Risks of distortions when interlocked grain is present. Kiln Schedules: The kiln schedule has been tested.

Wood Chemical Properties

Wood Mechanical Properties

Bending Strength (MOR),12%MC (kgf/cm²)

1384

Stiffness (MOE) 12%MC (kgf/cm²)

189103

Compression parallel to fiber 12%MC (kgf/cm²)

747

Compression perpendicular to fiber 12%MC (kgf/cm²)

106

Shear strength radial 12%MC (kgf/cm²)

133

Janka hardness (side) 12%MC (kgf)

1056

Janka hardness (end grain) 12%MC (kgf)

1092

Workability

Sawing

Sawing of this species requires powerful equipment.

Rotary Veneer Cutting

Not suitable for veneering.

Sliced Veneer

Not suitable for veneering.

Blunting Effect

Moderate blunting effect; stellited blades for sawing and carbide tools for machining are advised.

Machining

It needs powerful tools for processing. Possible difficulties caused by interlocked grain are reported.

Planing

Moderately easy; tools must be cautiously sharpened.

Moulding

Easy; no particular problems.

Turning

30

Boring

Easy; no particular problems.

Mortising

Easy; no particular problems.

Nailing

Pre-boring is necessary.

Gluing

Difficult to glue because of high density.

Sanding

Easy to perform; it gives good results.

Polishing

Can be polished without surface preparation.

Response To Hand Tools

Working with hand tools is difficult.

REFERENCED USES

End Uses Summary

EXTERIOR GENERAL, bridges, poles, paling, stakes posts, rails, crossarms, crossties, piers, HOUSING GENERAL, beams, frames, steps, panelling, fittings, shutter boards, TURNING, ornaments, turned furniture, cutlery, lasts, TOOLS, tool handles, agricultural tools, CONTAINERS, cooperage, truck bodies, truck flooring, NAVAL CONSTRUCTION, boats, boat hulls, boat deck, port pillar, OTHER AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, handicrafts, cigar boxes, shoes

Exterior General
  • 1 - Tabela de resultados de ensaios fisicos e mecanicos
Bridges
  • 2 - 25 madeiras da amazonia de valor comercial, caracterizacao, macroscopica, usos comuns e indices qualificativos
Poles
  • 3 - Estudo dendrologico e determinacao das caracteristicas fisicas e mecanicas do genipapo (Genipa americana)
Paling Fence Pickets
  • 4 - Estudo dendrologico e determinacao das caracteristicas fisicas e mecanicas da bicuiba
Stake Posts
  • 5 - Propriedades fisicas e mecanicas da madeira e do contraplacado de Pinus elliottii
Rails
  • 6 - Physical and mechanical properties of Eucalyptus deglupta Blume grown in Costa Rica
Crossheads Crossarms
  • 7 - Maderas latinoamericanas. II, Quercus alata Q. costaricensis y Q. eugeniaefolia
Crossties
  • 8 - Maderas latinoamericas. III, Podocarpus standleyi ,Podocarpus oleifolius, Drims granadensis, Magnolia poasana y Didymopanax pittieri
Piers
  • 9 - Maderas latinoamericanas. IV, Nectandra sp. Ocotea austinii, Persea sp. aff. vesticula, Persea schiedeana
General Housing
  • 10 - Silica in Timbers
Beams
  • 11 - Prospect: The wood database
Frames
  • 16 - Woods of the World
Steps
  • 17 - Tree Conservation Database
Paneling
  • 18 - W3TROPICOS Missouri Botanical Garden
Fittings
  • 19 - Silica in Timbers
Shutter Boards
  • 20 - Prospect: The wood database
Turning
  • 30 - Embassy of Honduras in Japan
Ornaments
  • 31 - Embassy of Colombia in Japan
Turned Articles
  • 32 - Embassy of Cote d`Ivoire in Japan
Knife Handles
  • 33 - Embassy of Gabon in Japan
Lasts
  • 34 - Embassy of Indonesia in Japan
Tool Handles
  • 43 - Maderas de Bolivia (Características y Usos de 55 Maderas Tropicales)
Agricultural Tools
  • 44 - Atlas of Peruvian Woods
Cooperage
  • 51 - Recopilacion de propiedades mecanicas de maderas creciendo en Chile
Truck Body
  • 53 - Timbers of the New World
Truck Flooring
  • 54 - Bulletin of the Government Forest Experiment Station N.157: Identification of Tropical Woods
Shipbuilding
  • 55 - Tropical Timber Atlas of Latin America
Boats
  • 56 - Manual de Identificación de Especies Forestales de la Subregión Andina.
Boat Hulls
  • 57 - Estadísticas de Aprovechamiento, Exportación y comercialización Nacional de Productos Forestales
Boat Decking
  • 59 - Programa Nacional de uso Sostenible de los Bosques e Incremento a las Exportaciones.
Port Pillar
  • 61 - Manual de Diseño para Maderas del Grupo Andino
Handcraft
  • 66 - Maderas latinoamericanas. VII. Caracteristicas anatomicas. propiedades fisicomecanicas, de secado, y tratabilidad de la madera juvenil de Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav. Oken.)
Cigar Box
  • 68 - Contribucion al conocimiento de la resistencia mecanica de la madera de peumo
Shoes
  • 70 - Proprietes physiques et mecaniques des bois tropicaux de l`union francaise

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