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PALAPI (Heritiera javanica)
Trade Name
Palapi
Scientific Name
Heritiera javanica (Blume) Kosterm.
Family
Sterculiaceae
Common Names
Mangkulang; Mengkulang (Germany); Chumprag (Thailand); Huynh (Vietnam); Palapi (Indonesia); Teraling (Indonesia); Mengkulang (United Kingdom); Mengkulang (Italy); Red/brown tulip oak (Australia); Kembang (Sabah); Kanze (Myanmar); Don-chem (Cambodia); Kembang (Malaysia); Mengkulang (Malaysia); Mengkulang (Sarawak); Mengkulang (United States of America); Mengkulang (France); Teralin (Spain); Mengkulang (Netherlands); Rungun (Borneo); Lumbayau (Philippines); Teralin (France); Teralin (Italy); Teralin (Netherlands); Mengkulang (Spain)
Scientific Name Synonyms
Tarrietia javanica Blume
Description Of The Tree
Botanical Description
It is a large tree, up to 45 m tall with columnar bole 20-25 m long and up to 100 cm in diameter. The buttresses are thin.
Natural Habitat
Heritiera javanica is widely distributed in lowland forests, mainly on ridges up to 600 m of altitude.
Natural Distribution
It is present in Sabah, the Philippines, peninsular Malaysia, Indonesia and adjacent countries.
Wood Identification
Anatomic Description Of Wood
Vessels per mm2 less than 6 (rare). Wood diffuse porous. Colored deposits in heartwood vessels. Tangential diameter of vessel lumina 200 micras or more (large). Vessel-ray pits small. Simple perforation plates. Apotracheal axial parenchyma diffuse and/or diffuse in aggregates. Paratracheal axial parenchyma scanty and/or vasicentric. Axial parenchyma in marginal or in seemingly marginal bands. Siliceous bodies in the axial parenchyma cells. Axial parenchyma in narrow Rays storied. 4 to 10 rays per mm (medium). Larger rays more than 4 seriate. Silica bodies in the ray cells. Body ray cells procumbent with mostly 2 to 4 rows of upright and/or square marginal cells (Kribs-II). Sheath cells. Fibers with distinctly bordered pits. Fibers storied.
Availability
Cites Status
Unrestricted
General Wood Description
Odor
It has an unpleasant odor when fresh.
Color
The sapwood is not always clearly distinct, it varies in color from light yellow to light reddish. The heartwood is pale pink when fresh, after exposure it darkens to dark red-brown.
Grain
It is straight to shallowly interlocked.
Texture
The texture varies from medium to moderately coarse, vessels contain dark deposits.
Luster
The heartwood is slightly lustrous.
Natural Durability
It is moderate-perishable and somewhat susceptible to fungi and insect attack.
Natural durability index (1= Very high durability, 7=Vey low durability)
6
Silica Content
Silica Content: It contains 0.4% silica. Silica Value: 0.4
Resistance To Impregnation
This species is reported to be moderately difficult to preserve.
Wood Physical Properties
Basic Density or Specific Gravity (O.D. weight/vol. green) (g/cm³)
0.66
Air-dry Density (Weight and volume at 12%MC) (g/cm³)
0.74
Total shrinkage Tangential (Saturated to 0%MC) (%)
6.1
Total shrinkage Radial (Saturated to 0%MC) (%)
2.7
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying: Seasoning is reported to be very good.
Recommended Dry Kiln Schedule
UK-D; US-32-22; JP-17
Dimensional stability ratio (Total Tangential Shrinkage %/Total Radial Shrinkage %)
2.3
Wood Chemical Properties
Wood Mechanical Properties
Bending Strength (MOR),12%MC (kgf/cm²)
1121
Stiffness (MOE) 12%MC (kgf/cm²)
142660
Compression parallel to fiber 12%MC (kgf/cm²)
611
Workability
Sawing
Sawing operations are rated as fair to difficult.
Rotary Veneer Cutting
Good veneer can be made at a peeling angle of 92 degrees without pretreatment, but steaming is recommended.
Sliced Veneer
Good veneer can be made at a peeling angle of 92 degrees without pretreatment, but steaming is recommended.
Blunting Effect
Blunting effect on cutting tools is reported due to the silica content.
Machining
Interlocked grain hinders machining operations, and special cutters are required.
Planing
Care is needed when planing quarter-sawn timber in order to avoid the grain picking up. Using a cutting angle of 20 degrees usually produces a smooth finish.
Nailing
Nail-holding is good, pre-boring is recommended to avoid splitting.
Gluing
Gluing properties are good. The use of urea-formaldehyde glues is recommended.
Finishing
It has a good finishing.
Polishing
Polishing of this wood is easy.
REFERENCED USES
End Uses Summary
EXTERIOR GENERAL, crossties, HOUSING GENERAL, boards, flooring, frames, FURNITURE AND CABINETS, PLYWOOD AND VENEER, SPORTS, CONTAINERS, truck bodies, truck flooring, NAVAL CONSTRUCTION, boat hulls, boat deck, OTHER AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, paper
Exterior General
- 1 - Tabela de resultados de ensaios fisicos e mecanicos
Crossties
- 8 - Maderas latinoamericas. III, Podocarpus standleyi ,Podocarpus oleifolius, Drims granadensis, Magnolia poasana y Didymopanax pittieri
General Housing
- 10 - Silica in Timbers
Boards
- 13 - Dry kiln schedules for commercial woods. Temperate and tropical. Section III. Latin American (Mexico, Central, and South America) Woods–Conventional Temperatures
Flooring
- 14 - Handbook of Hardwoods
Frames
- 16 - Woods of the World
Furniture Cabinets
- 21 - Tropical timbers of the world. Part III-Southeast Asian and Oceanian Species.
Panels, Veneers
- 25 - Directory of Timber Trade Malaysia
Sports
- 38 - Annual Review and Assessment of the World Timber Situation 1998-ITTO
Truck Body
- 53 - Timbers of the New World
Truck Flooring
- 54 - Bulletin of the Government Forest Experiment Station N.157: Identification of Tropical Woods
Shipbuilding
- 55 - Tropical Timber Atlas of Latin America
Boat Hulls
- 57 - Estadísticas de Aprovechamiento, Exportación y comercialización Nacional de Productos Forestales
Boat Decking
- 59 - Programa Nacional de uso Sostenible de los Bosques e Incremento a las Exportaciones.
Paper
- 82 - Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign woods (Part 2) Central and South America.
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