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SOUGUé (Parinari excelsa)
Trade Name
Sougué
Scientific Name
Parinari excelsa Sabine
Family
CHRYSOBALANACEAE
Common Names
Eshago (Nigeria); Mampataz (Guinea-Bissau); Koura (Guinea); Sougué (Côte d`Ivoire); Pembe (Zaire); Assila (Cameroon); Mula (Tanzania); Suge; Sougue; Shuge; Rough skinned plum; Pembe; Omushamba; Nnamulambo; Namulambo; Mushimba; Munazi; Mula; Muganda; Msabala; Mbura; Mbula; Mampataz; Kwanedua; Kuranako; Kura; Kotue; Kotosima; Gulih; Guinea plum; Grey skinned plum; Grey plum; Gboh; Ebura; Ebula; Djirro; Bula; Mampata (Senegal); Inyi (Nigeria); Esagko (Nigeria); Kpar (Liberia); Mubura (Uganda)
Scientific Name Synonyms
Parinari tenuifolia A. Chev. ex Dandy; Parinari holstii Engl.; Parinari elliotii Engl.; Parinari curatellifolia Planch. ex Benth.; Parinari caillei A. Chev.; Parinari brachystachya Benth.; Ferolia excelsa (Sabine) Kuntze; Ferolia amazonica Kuntze
Description Of The Tree
Botanical Description
The tree reaches a height of 30 to 50 m. The bole is cylindrical, buttressed to a height of 3 m, mostly straight, and clear to 20 to 30 m in length. The trunk diameter attains 100 to 170 cm.
Natural Habitat
Parinari excelsa is found in evergreen forests, near river banks. It is also found in lighter rainfall areas, on well drained sites and in montane forests near Mt. Kilimanjaro. This species occurs gregariously at elevations between 1,000 and 2,000 m.
Natural Distribution
Widely distributed in tropical Africa.
Wood Identification
Anatomic Description Of Wood
Wood diffuse porous. Vessels exclusively solitary (over 90%). Vessels of two distinct diameter classes, wood not ring-porous. Tangential diameter of vessel lumina 100 to 150 micras (small). Tangential diameter of vessel lumina 200 micras or more (large). Tylos Axial parenchyma in continuous tangential lines or fine bands. Non-crystals in axial parenchyma cells. 3 to 4 cells per parenchyma strand. Over 9 cells per parenchyma strand. Axial parenchyma bands under 4 per mm. Rays more than 10 per mm (abundant). Rays non-storied. Rays exclusively uniseriate. Silica bodies in the ray cells. Heterogeneous rays and/or multiseriate heterogeneous rays. Non-septate fibers. Fibers with distinctly bordered pits.
Availability
Cites Status
Unrestricted
General Wood Description
Odor
Light and pleasant odor.
Color
The sapwood is pale yellow. The heartwood is pale red or chocolate brown, it is not clearly demarcated.
COLOR INDEX (1=Black, 7=Light yellow,white)
5
Grain
The grain is highly and systematically interlocked; special care is needed when drying because of frequent risks of distortion.
Texture
The wood is reported to have a coarse texture.
Luster
It is reported to be low in luster.
Natural Durability
Moderately durable to decay. Without preservative treatment, this species can be used only under risk of occasional re-humidification. It is not suited for uses with risks of permanent or long-lasting humidification. Moderately resistant to termites attack
Natural durability index (1= Very high durability, 7=Vey low durability)
3
Internal Growth Stresses
No residual stresses are reported in this species.
Silica Content
Silica Content: This timber is reported to have silica. Silica contents over 0.05% may affect wood processing. Silica Value: 0.59
Resistance To Impregnation
Difficult to treat with only a low penetration of the preservative products.
Wood Physical Properties
Basic Density or Specific Gravity (O.D. weight/vol. green) (g/cm³)
0.78
Air-dry Density (Weight and volume at 12%MC) (g/cm³)
0.89
Total shrinkage Tangential (Saturated to 0%MC) (%)
10.1
Total shrinkage Radial (Saturated to 0%MC) (%)
6.6
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying: Drying is moderately difficult to difficult; special care is systematically needed. Drying Defects: Risks of checks, distortions and collapse. Kiln Schedules: The kiln schedule has been tested.
Recommended Dry Kiln Schedule
FR-12
Dimensional stability ratio (Total Tangential Shrinkage %/Total Radial Shrinkage %)
1.5
Wood Chemical Properties
Wood Mechanical Properties
Bending Strength (MOR),12%MC (kgf/cm²)
1373
Stiffness (MOE) 12%MC (kgf/cm²)
197161
Compression parallel to fiber 12%MC (kgf/cm²)
751
Compression perpendicular to fiber 12%MC (kgf/cm²)
107
Shear strength radial 12%MC (kgf/cm²)
103
Janka hardness (side) 12%MC (kgf)
986
Janka hardness (end grain) 12%MC (kgf)
1034
Workability
Sawing
Sawing of this species requires powerful equipment.
Rotary Veneer Cutting
Not suitable for veneering.
Sliced Veneer
Not suitable for veneering.
Blunting Effect
Severe blunting effect; stellited blades for sawing and carbide tools for machining are recommended.
Machining
It needs powerful tools for processing. Possible difficulties caused by interlocked grain are reported. It is recommended to use special tools for cutting.
Planing
Rather difficult; special tools are needed.
Moulding
Moderately easy; tools must be cautiously sharpened.
Turning
30
Boring
Moderately easy; tools must be cautiously sharpened.
Mortising
Moderately easy; tools must be cautiously sharpened.
Nailing
Pre-boring is necessary.
Gluing
Difficult to glue because of high density.
Sanding
Difficult to obtain very good results because of interlocked grain.
Polishing
Needs pre-coating.
Response To Hand Tools
Working with hand tools is difficult.
REFERENCED USES
End Uses Summary
EXTERIOR GENERAL, bridges, crossarms, crossties, piers, HOUSING GENERAL, beams, joists, flooring, parquet, steps, TURNING, ornaments, CONTAINERS, truck bodies, truck flooring, NAVAL CONSTRUCTION, boats, boat hulls, port storage, OTHER AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, handicrafts, axle
Exterior General
- 1 - Tabela de resultados de ensaios fisicos e mecanicos
Bridges
- 2 - 25 madeiras da amazonia de valor comercial, caracterizacao, macroscopica, usos comuns e indices qualificativos
Crossheads Crossarms
- 7 - Maderas latinoamericanas. II, Quercus alata Q. costaricensis y Q. eugeniaefolia
Crossties
- 8 - Maderas latinoamericas. III, Podocarpus standleyi ,Podocarpus oleifolius, Drims granadensis, Magnolia poasana y Didymopanax pittieri
Piers
- 9 - Maderas latinoamericanas. IV, Nectandra sp. Ocotea austinii, Persea sp. aff. vesticula, Persea schiedeana
General Housing
- 10 - Silica in Timbers
Beams
- 11 - Prospect: The wood database
Joists
- 12 - Tropical timbers of the world. Part I-Tropical American Species
Flooring
- 14 - Handbook of Hardwoods
Parquet
- 15 - Empire Timbers
Steps
- 17 - Tree Conservation Database
Turning
- 30 - Embassy of Honduras in Japan
Ornaments
- 31 - Embassy of Colombia in Japan
Truck Body
- 53 - Timbers of the New World
Truck Flooring
- 54 - Bulletin of the Government Forest Experiment Station N.157: Identification of Tropical Woods
Shipbuilding
- 55 - Tropical Timber Atlas of Latin America
Boats
- 56 - Manual de Identificación de Especies Forestales de la Subregión Andina.
Boat Hulls
- 57 - Estadísticas de Aprovechamiento, Exportación y comercialización Nacional de Productos Forestales
Port Storage
- 62 - Estudio Tecnológico de Maderas del Perú (Zona Pucallpa) Vol I
Handcraft
- 66 - Maderas latinoamericanas. VII. Caracteristicas anatomicas. propiedades fisicomecanicas, de secado, y tratabilidad de la madera juvenil de Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav. Oken.)
Axles
- 73 - Handbook of Hardwoods
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