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TERMINALIA (Terminalia brassii)

Trade Name

Terminalia

Scientific Name

Terminalia brassii Exell

Family

COMBRETACEAE

Common Names

Brown terminalia (United States of America); Swamp oak (United States of America); Swamp oak (United Kingdom); Brown terminalia (United Kingdom)

Scientific Name Synonyms

Terminalia kajewskii Exell

Description Of The Tree

Botanical Description

It is a large tree up to 50 m tall. The bole is branchless for up to 30 m, up to 150 cm in diameter, with huge flange buttresses, often with stilt roots forming mats up to 6 m up the trunk.

Natural Habitat

Terminalia brassii is a pioneer species, it can be found in fresh water swamps where it occurs in good quality pure stands. It is widely distributed in high density stands up to 250 m of altitude.

Plantations Available?

This species is reportedly used for reforestation in PNG. Trial plantations have been carried out in Australia, Fiji and the Solomon Islands.

Wood Identification

Anatomic Description Of Wood

Tangential diameter of vessel lumina 200 micras or more (large). Occasionally tyloses common. Vestured pits. Vessels per mm2 less than 6 (rare). Simple perforation plates. Vessel-ray pits similar to intervessel pits in size and shape. Intervessel pits medium, 7 Axial parenchyma in marginal or in seemingly marginal bands. Axial parenchyma bands more than 3 cells wide. 4 to 10 rays per mm (medium). Ray height more than 1 mm. Homogeneous rays and/or sub-homogeneous rays (all ray cells procumbent). Fibers with simple to minutely bordered pits.

  • Wood Macro Photo Tangential Plane
  • Wood Micro Photo Of Transversal Section

Availability

Cites Status

Unrestricted

General Wood Description

Odor

Grape-like odor reported on green boards.

Color

The heartwood is pale brown, gray or orange-brown in color, with yellow tinge. The sapwood is shade paler, not clearly demarcated.

COLOR INDEX (1=Black, 7=Light yellow,white)

5

Grain

The grain is wavy or interlocked

Texture

A coarse texture is reported in this species.

Luster

The wood is non lustrous.

Natural Durability

It is prone to attack by termites and marine borers. The sapwood is susceptible to blue stain.

Natural durability index (1= Very high durability, 7=Vey low durability)

5

Silica Content

Silica Content: It is non-siliceous. Silica Value: 0

Resistance To Impregnation

The heartwood is extremely resistant to pressure treatment, the sapwood shows some penetration of preservatives.

Wood Physical Properties

Basic Density or Specific Gravity (O.D. weight/vol. green) (g/cm³)

0.38

Air-dry Density (Weight and volume at 12%MC) (g/cm³)

0.41

Total shrinkage Tangential (Saturated to 0%MC) (%)

4.4

Total shrinkage Radial (Saturated to 0%MC) (%)

2.2

Drying Defects

Ease of Drying: Drying is moderately difficult to difficult; special care is systematically needed. Drying Defects: Risks of casehardening and checks Kiln Schedules: Schedule proposed as a reference by comparison with well known species taking into account to the general technological behavior of this species.

Recommended Dry Kiln Schedule

JP-12

Dimensional stability ratio (Total Tangential Shrinkage %/Total Radial Shrinkage %)

2.0

Wood Chemical Properties

Wood Mechanical Properties

Bending Strength (MOR),12%MC (kgf/cm²)

693

Stiffness (MOE) 12%MC (kgf/cm²)

101238

Compression parallel to fiber 12%MC (kgf/cm²)

377

Shear strength radial 12%MC (kgf/cm²)

87

Janka hardness (end grain) 12%MC (kgf)

307

Workability

Sawing

It saws fairly well, occasionally woolly surfaces are reported.

Rotary Veneer Cutting

Lamination of this species is possible.

Sliced Veneer

Lamination of this species is possible.

Blunting Effect

Wood of this species exerts a moderate blunting effect on the cutting tools.

Machining

The workability of this species is reported to be easy to fair.

Planing

Planing is reported to be fair to difficult.

Turning

30

Boring

This species is easy to bore.

Nailing

Pre-boring is often necessary.

Gluing

It is reported to be easy to glue.

Sanding

Wood of this species is easy to sand.

Finishing

It has a good finishing.

Polishing

Polishing of this wood is easy.

Response To Hand Tools

This wood has a good to fair behavior with hand tools.

REFERENCED USES

End Uses Summary

HOUSING GENERAL, beams, joists, flooring, frames, FURNITURE AND CABINETS, PLYWOOD AND VENEER, TURNING, TOOLS, tool handles, agricultural tools, PACKING, OTHER AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, handicrafts, matches, moldings

General Housing
  • 10 - Silica in Timbers
Beams
  • 11 - Prospect: The wood database
Joists
  • 12 - Tropical timbers of the world. Part I-Tropical American Species
Flooring
  • 14 - Handbook of Hardwoods
Frames
  • 16 - Woods of the World
Furniture Cabinets
  • 21 - Tropical timbers of the world. Part III-Southeast Asian and Oceanian Species.
Panels, Veneers
  • 25 - Directory of Timber Trade Malaysia
Turning
  • 30 - Embassy of Honduras in Japan
Tools
  • 42 - Utilización Industrial de Nuevas Especies Forestales en el Perú.
Tool Handles
  • 43 - Maderas de Bolivia (Características y Usos de 55 Maderas Tropicales)
Agricultural Tools
  • 44 - Atlas of Peruvian Woods
Packing
  • 45 - Recopilación y Análisis de Estudios Tecnológicos de Maderas Peruanas
Handcraft
  • 66 - Maderas latinoamericanas. VII. Caracteristicas anatomicas. propiedades fisicomecanicas, de secado, y tratabilidad de la madera juvenil de Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav. Oken.)
Matches
  • 71 - Proprietes physiques et mecaniques des bois tropicaux, premier supplement
Molding
  • 79 - Padronização da Nomenclatura Comercial Brasileira das Madeiras Tropicais Amazônicas, Sugestão

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