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TERMINALIA (Terminalia citrina)
Trade Name
Terminalia
Scientific Name
Terminalia citrina (Gaertner) Roxb. Ex Fleming
Family
COMBRETACEAE
Common Names
Apunga (Philippines); Samo-liam (Thailand); Samo-muak (Thailand); Blabah (Indonesia); Bungras (Philippines); Talisai jambu (Sabah); Antoi puteh (Malaysia); Jelawai belang rimau (Malaysia); Mertaki (Indonesia); Samo-dingu (Thailand); Tengeh caah (Indonesia); Binggas (Philippines)
Scientific Name Synonyms
Terminalia curtisii Ridley; Terminalia comintana Merr.; Terminalia arborea Koord. & Velton
Description Of The Tree
Botanical Description
It is a medium-sized to fairly large tree up to 40 m tall. The bole is up to 210 cm in diameter, with buttresses up to 3 m high. This species is a source of tannins.
Natural Habitat
Terminalia citrina grows scattered in lowland forests and along seashores, up to 200 m of altitude.
Natural Distribution
It is distributed in India, Myanmar, Indo-China, Malaysia. It is widespread in Sabah.
Wood Identification
Anatomic Description Of Wood
Wood diffuse porous. Vessels in diagonal and/or radial pattern. Tangential diameter of vessel lumina 200 micras or more (large). Vestured pits. Vessels per mm2 5 to 20. Simple perforation plates. Vessel-ray pits similar to intervessel pits in size and shape. Apotracheal axial parenchyma diffuse and/or diffuse in aggregates. Paratracheal axial parenchyma scanty and/or vasicentric. Axial parenchyma aliform. Axial parenchyma confluent. 4 to 10 rays per mm (medium). Homogeneous rays and/or sub-homogeneous rays (all ray cells procumbent). Body ray cells procumbent with one row of upright and/or square marginal cells (Kribs-III). Septate fibers present. Fibers with distinctly bordered pits.
Availability
Cites Status
Unrestricted
General Wood Description
Color
The heartwood is yellow brown color.
COLOR INDEX (1=Black, 7=Light yellow,white)
4
Grain
The grain is straight or interlocked
Texture
The texture of this species is variable. Fine, medium and coarse texture are reported.
Natural Durability
The wood is rated as non-durable in contact with the ground or when exposed. It is easily attacked by termites, pinhole borers, marine borers and blue stain, and the sapwood is also susceptible to Lyctus borer attack.
Natural durability index (1= Very high durability, 7=Vey low durability)
5
Resistance To Impregnation
The sapwood is generally easily treated with preservatives, but sometimes it is moderately resistant, whereas heartwood is moderately resistant to very resistant and penetration may be erratic.
Wood Physical Properties
Basic Density or Specific Gravity (O.D. weight/vol. green) (g/cm³)
0.69
Air-dry Density (Weight and volume at 12%MC) (g/cm³)
0.77
Total shrinkage Tangential (Saturated to 0%MC) (%)
8.5
Total shrinkage Radial (Saturated to 0%MC) (%)
5.5
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying: Drying is moderately difficult to difficult; special care is systematically needed. Drying Defects: Risks of casehardening and checks Kiln Schedules: Schedule proposed as a reference by comparison with well known species taking into account to the general technological behavior of this species.
Recommended Dry Kiln Schedule
JP-12
Dimensional stability ratio (Total Tangential Shrinkage %/Total Radial Shrinkage %)
1.5
Wood Chemical Properties
Wood Mechanical Properties
Bending Strength (MOR),12%MC (kgf/cm²)
1192
Stiffness (MOE) 12%MC (kgf/cm²)
132929
Compression parallel to fiber 12%MC (kgf/cm²)
601
Shear strength radial 12%MC (kgf/cm²)
143
Janka hardness (side) 12%MC (kgf)
865
Janka hardness (end grain) 12%MC (kgf)
1070
Workability
Rotary Veneer Cutting
This species is reported to have good characteristics for lamination.
Sliced Veneer
This species is reported to have good characteristics for lamination.
Machining
Machining of this species is reported to be easy.
Nailing
Pre-boring is often necessary.
Gluing
It is reported to be easy to glue.
Sanding
Sanding of this species is reportedly easy.
Finishing
It has a good finishing.
Polishing
It is easy to polish.
Response To Hand Tools
This species is reported to be easy to work with hand tools.
REFERENCED USES
End Uses Summary
HOUSING GENERAL, beams, joists, flooring, frames, FURNITURE AND CABINETS, PLYWOOD AND VENEER, TOOLS, tool handles, agricultural tools, NAVAL CONSTRUCTION
General Housing
- 10 - Silica in Timbers
Beams
- 11 - Prospect: The wood database
Joists
- 12 - Tropical timbers of the world. Part I-Tropical American Species
Flooring
- 14 - Handbook of Hardwoods
Frames
- 16 - Woods of the World
Furniture Cabinets
- 21 - Tropical timbers of the world. Part III-Southeast Asian and Oceanian Species.
Panels, Veneers
- 25 - Directory of Timber Trade Malaysia
Tools
- 42 - Utilización Industrial de Nuevas Especies Forestales en el Perú.
Tool Handles
- 43 - Maderas de Bolivia (Características y Usos de 55 Maderas Tropicales)
Agricultural Tools
- 44 - Atlas of Peruvian Woods
Shipbuilding
- 55 - Tropical Timber Atlas of Latin America
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